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Barriers to Scope of Practice

By Linda Eanes posted 01-29-2015 05:53

  
Within many healthcare systems, there is a long standing history and tradition of a hierarchical structure where physicians, CNOs, and CEOs are at the top of the rung and nurses are at the bottom.  Policies and procedures are developed at the top with little if any input from those who are in direct care of patients.  Although empirical evidence tells us that collaboration and teamwork is the best way to produce high-quality results, nurses working within hierarchical systems have virtually no input.  Often nurses are viewed as "the economy of care" with a role of carrying out "doctors orders."
I recognize that long standing culture and traditions are difficult to change.  There are many possible explanations for this: There may be a lack of understanding by nurse executives on how organization structures leads to barriers to the full scope of practice among nursing staff; they may for personal reasons not want to challenge the existing structure; they may be met with resistance by physicians, the CEO, and nurses; or, they may lack the leadership skills to promote a collaborative work environment. 
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10-16-2016 14:21

Good afternoon Kathleen.

You have made some very important suggestions.  I believe nursing can bring this issue to the forefront through nursing research on interprofessional relationships and quality care, through publications, and through nursing conferences.  Additionally, I believe changing how doctors and nurses view each other's role begins at the university level.  There is a movement to incorporate interprofessional education throughout all of the healthcare disciplines, including medicine. 

10-16-2016 07:07

...thus bringing visibility to the economy of nursing. 

10-16-2016 07:06

Will the adoption of standardized nursing languages and nursing attribution in EHR's help to address these barriers by bringing visibility to the science of nursing.  

10-15-2015 11:51


Hello fellow colleagues, I have just joined this blog but have been a lifetime member to the quality care club. As I read your comments on prescriptive authority and bedside care, I can’t help but wonder will the two worlds ever find a common ground. To me they are completely opposite domains, one with autonomy and the other with strict hierarchical boundaries.
But the question today is not when but how can we merge these two stratospheres, as the nurse shortage is looming before us all. As far back as 2009 a massive nursing shortage was forecasted with the projected shortage of over a quarter of a million RNs by the year 2025 (Buerhaus, Auerbach, & Staiger, 2009). Certainly foremost to this issue has been and continues to be new RN retention with strategic planning being the foremost priority for Nursing executives across this nation (Pellico et al 2009).
So let’s think ‘outside of the box’ for just a moment. History has shown that continuing the status quo will no longer suffice as nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction rates continue to climb (Jennings 2008). If bedside nursing is to survive the onslaught of long hours and understaffing, then we need our best and strongest patient care providers at the bedside. Why should ARNPs focus their talent as physician ‘assistants’ and outpatient providers alone? As CNOs debate this issue and countless RNs are leaving the bedside I would like to see advanced nursing practice gain their prescriptive authority and fill this gap. That is, by organizing much like their medical school counterparts they could be contracted by in-patient institutions to assume the care of patients on selected units (ie. Maternal health ARNPs, medical-surgical, Critical Care, etc.) and direct the patient care while supporting the ‘new’ RN staff.
How would you pay for this? Hospital budgets are already stretched you say? The answer is simple: The hospitals would bill the services of the ARNPs directly via the ‘bundled billing’ option with CMS just like they do for clinical pharmacists, hospitalists and emergency physician services (Lazerow 2015). This new concept is based on quality of services not quantity like in the past. Of course, I would hope that the VA system could easily streamline the billing process that is already in place for other healthcare providers for veterans.
So spread the word and let’s support our new counterparts with our more seasoned practitioners.
Enjoy the journey together,
BCollette PharmD, RN, MSN candidate
References:
Jennings BM. Work stress and burnout among nurses: role of the work environment and working conditions. in: Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008 Apr. Chapter 26. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2668/.
Lazerow, Rob (2015), CMS's bundled payment proposal is huge news. Here's why. The Daily Briefings. Retrieved on 10/15/15 from https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2015/07/10/cms-bundled-payments.
Pellico, L., Djukic, M., Kovner, C., Brewer C., (Nov. 2, 2009) "Moving on, up, or out: changing work needs of new RNs at different stages of their beginning nursing practice" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 15 No. 1.DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol15No01PPT02.

07-27-2015 22:46

Colleagues,
Advancements have been made in Nursing Practice and Nursing has gained respect from the health care community. Advanced Practice Nurses are in the operating room, the Board Room and the Delivery Room and collaborate on Interdisciplinary health care teams to improve the delivery of health care. Medical Doctors are overwhelmed with the numbers of patients requiring and desiring care, and the Health Care ACT. Nurse Practitioners serve in the role of primary care providers within the VA health care system. Currently Medical doctor is responsible for over-seeing the practice of the Nurse Practitioner. EKGs are required to be reviewed by the Medical doctor although the NP may be the primary care provider of a veteran. If the NP is skilled at reviewing and interpreting EKGs it should not be necessary for a medical doctor to evaluate an EKG for the NP. The DNP promotes Nursing autonomy and leadership placing nurses in a position of authority and ability to determine the future of nursing as an evidence-based science shaped by the practice setting (Zaccagnini & White, 2011).
Janice D. Ivery, DNPc, MSN, RN-BC

03-10-2015 11:34

Linda, you made the comment "Often nurses are viewed as 'the economy of care' with a role of carrying out 'doctors orders'." Isn't that why we are nurses and not doctors? With the push for nurses to become Nurse Practitioners, is there something wrong with being a nurse that carries out orders? We have to value all levels of the nursing journey. Every level has growth opportunities with new responsibilities. I see the RN as the project manager of the plan of care. All nurses are leaders and the bedside nurse has a valuable role that requires many strengths. Having prescriptive authority is not going to increase collaboration. If you have prescriptive authority you don't need to collaborate.

02-19-2015 07:11

I agree with both of you. I think that the organizational culture of nursing has to change from the top down. Too many CNO and nurse executives try to plan and align things for nursing that work for other disciplines. I have found in my experiences that when a large health system uses a medical model without real strategic planning for nursing, you end up with nurses who don't know their scope of practice, their role in the organization, and how to advocate for themselves or their patients. It is sad when we have so much potential and sit at the heart of healthcare but we are unable to come together to bridge the gaps that exist within our discipline. Organizational team culture should be team based but should also include those hierarchical levels within nursing based on level of education so that no one group feels like they are not included or involved in the change that is necessary.

02-05-2015 20:39

Very well discussed Linda. Healthcare facilities and systems who are utilizing shared governance models are helping to break down this "hierarchy barrier". However, there are still too many facilities and even large health systems that have not embraced this change. With nursing being on the forefront in battling high costs, and quality issues such as readmission, infection rates, falls etc., it would behoove administrators to embrace their nursing staff and include them in the planning of various cost-savings and business driving initiatives. We have definitely made strides in this matter, however, there is still much more work to do across all health care settings to involve nurses in decision making processes.

02-01-2015 11:06

Linda - this is a timely post. Just as you mentioned there is a history of a leadership style that is hierarchical and not team-based.
For healthcare to move forward and grow there needs to be a movement away from a hierarchical structure to a leadership style that can set direction, create alignment and gain commitment across the entire organization (CCL, 2010) . We need to work in teams across the organization and within our own division/department/unit because success is based on the entire organization/healthcare system working not just one part of it.
Have the nurse executives done any strategic planning to dovetail the work they are doing with the strategy proposed by the CNO/CEO leadership? That can often begin the discussion of how a strategic plan is carried out and help incorporate ideas from the nurses into how the plan is carried out.
The Center for Creative Leadership website has some great white papers on leadership, what is leadership, how to change the leadership culture in your organization and how to develop a leadership strategy. From their recent white paper they have a wonderfully succinct description of what a lot of organizations are missing, how to "Embrace Leadership as a Shared Process
• Increase the collective capacity for leadership in your organization or community.
• Enable others to step up, adjust, and make decisions about the future of your project, team, organization, or community.
• Transform the leadership culture from reliance on command-and-control hierarchies to adaptation within agile, interdependent networks. (Cullen, Wilburn, Chrobot-Mason & Palus, 2014, p. 1)
Linda thank you for posting this, it'll be interesting to hear how other organizations are working to break down the hierarchical structure.
Source: Kristin Cullen, Phil Willburn, Donna Chrobot-Mason, and Charles Palus (2014) Networks: How Collective Leadership Really Works. Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) Retrieved From: http://www.ccl.org/leadership/pdf/research/networksHowCollective.pdf